Alzheimer s A Progressive Disease - 865 Words

Imagine greeting your grandparents and being met with a blank stare. Visualize your father struggling to recall how to dress himself. Picture your own mother asking for her parents who have long since passed. Try to envision the expression on your parents’ face as you tell them that they can no longer live at home alone. Now picture yourself in their place: gradually losing your freedom, your memory, and your very own identity. Alzheimer’s is a progressive disease that slowly destroys the brain’s function of memory and cognition. Eventually, it terminates the person’s ability to do everyday tasks and requires the person to be under around-the-clock care. Alzheimer’s disease is named after Dr. Alois Alzheimer. In 1906, Dr. Alzheimer†¦show more content†¦Medical professionals often use the three stage Alzheimer’s disease model to simplify the complex disease. Stage one of Alzheimer’s disease is classified as the mild and early stage. After initial diagnosis, a patient has entered this first stage. The changes that occur during stage one are simple but are a huge red flag that the symptoms will progressively get worse. A patient in the mild stage has frequent memory loss. The memory loss a patient experiences is not simply forgetting where their keys are, but routinely putting the keys in places where they do not belong, such as the refrigerator or dishwasher (â€Å"Alzheimer’s Disease†). Stage one also causes patients to ask the same question over and over because they are unable to form a memory about previously asking the question. A patient in the mild stage of Alzheimer’s also begins to develop mild coordination problems and mood changes. The patient has difficulty with the simple task of holding a pen and writing. The mood of a person at this stage is frequently what psychiatrists term a flattening of affect and withdrawal (Reisburg). This means the person becomes less emotionally responsive. The patient’s change of mood is partially due to their denial of brain changes because it is too painful for them to handle their own

The Theme of Identity in Sonnys Blues Essay - 1622 Words

James Baldwins short story Sonnys Blues highlights the struggle because community involvement and individual identity. Baldwins leading theme - the discovery of identity - is nowhere presented more successfully than in the short story Sonnys Blues (Reilly 56). Individuals breeds isolation and even persecution by the collective, dominant community. This conflict is illustrated in three ways. First, the story presents the alienation of Sonny from his brother, the unnamed narrator. Second, Sonnys legal problems suggest that independence can cause the individual to break societys legal conventions. Finally, the text draws heavily from biblical influences. Sonny returns to his family just like the prodigal son, after facing†¦show more content†¦The narrator is not the only story character without a name. The narrators parents are also unnamed. The unnamed are all individuals who fit within the black community in expected, responsible ways. Sonny and the other named characters, su ch as Creole and Isabel, all have names due to their deviance. Each of these characters dont quite fit into the normalcy embraced by the narrator. Creole, in particular, gains his name by providing a parental figure to Sonny. He usurps the place that otherwise would have been filled by Sonnys nameless father. Furthermore, Sonnys individualism is a direct result of his unhappiness with conventional life. As a young man, Sonny is unable to get along with his father. He hates his home and school. His creative interest leads him to become isolated from his brother, who feels threatened by his jazz-oriented life style and his continued attraction to Greenwich Village (Albert 179). By the beginning of the story, Sonny has rejected his family and his home, constructing a new life as a musician and drug peddler in a new location foreign to the narrator. Sonnys devotion to jazz is another thematic element that emphasizes the conflict between individualism and conventionalism. Jazz music is a kind of music noted for individuality because it depends on each musicians ability to improvise (Albert 180). More traditional forms of music, in contrast, emphasize the emulation of an exact,Show MoreRelatedJames Baldwins Sonnys Blues1418 Words   |  6 Pagesidea of James Baldwin is that he happens to write more significant essays rather than fictions or dramatic pieces. However, his most common theme of choice, ones discovery of self-identity- is elaborately broadcasted and exhibited greatly in his short story â€Å"Sonny’s Blues†. First circulated in the late fifties and then again in the mid-sixties, Sonnys Blues explains Baldwin’s reasons for his famous arguments in the arena of Black freedom, while also providing a visual bonding of his work acrossRead MoreAdversity In Sonnys Blues By James Baldwin892 Words   |  4 PagesJames Baldwin’s â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† utilizes race, poverty, stereotypes, and adversity to shine a light on t he struggle to escape circumstance. Throughout the text, Baldwin describes the hardships leaching the life out of Harlem’s black community from the narrator’s perspective. Sonny, the narrator’s brother, struggles with his identity and ability to feel emotion leading him to the world of music and drugs, â€Å"To be aware of oneself, Baldwin believes, is to feel a sense of loss, to know where we are andRead MoreThe Meaning Behind the Music in Sonny’s Blues, by James Baldwin671 Words   |  3 Pagesvery dark place, unless we can find something to pull us out. In the story â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† by James Baldwin music was the remedy. The main factors that make up this story is suffering, the overall theme of darkness, and the meaning of the music. Suffering is something that everyone has to persevere at some point in their life. One thing makes us unique is how we deal with these hardships. The characters in â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† endure many difficult situations. How they choose to deal with these situationsRead More Mending the Relationship of Two Brothers in James Baldwins Sonnys Blues1292 Words   |  6 PagesMending the Relationship of Two Brothers in James Baldwins Sonnys Blues According to Liukkonen, James Baldwin is well known for his novels on sexual and personal identity, and sharp essays on civil-rights struggle in the United States. Sonnys Blues is no exception to this. The story takes place in Harlem, New York in the 1950s and tells of the relationship between two brothers. The older brother, who is the narrator and a participant in the novel, remains unnamed throughout the storyRead More Sonnys Blues Essay902 Words   |  4 Pageselements of setting to convey Sonny’s Blues’ larger message or theme. Establishing and maintaining a certain identity mostly depends on the setting. The setting allows us to analyze someone at a deeper level. Considering the time, place and the circumstances around under which they respond allows us to explore them and determine their identity. In the short story â€Å"Sonny’s Blues†, James Baldwin conveys the message of how one goes about establishing and maintaining their identity on different levels byRead MoreRacial Injustice in A Raisin in the Sun, by Lorraine Hansberry and Sonny’s Blues, by James Baldwin1494 Words   |  6 Pagesinjustice was in the vein of the American dream. He hopes someday that injustice, the view that African Americans are inferior will go away, and they will be treated equally like a full human being. The theme of racial injustice is prevalent in both â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun† by Lorraine Hansberry and â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† by James Baldwin stories. Both of the stories shows contra sting view on African American people living in fear of racial terrorism, physical harm, housing inequality, and dangerous life in segregatedRead MoreThe Meaning of Jazz in African American Culture Particularly in Harlem During the 1950’s2384 Words   |  10 PagesThe Meaning of Jazz in African American Culture Particularly in Harlem During the 1950’s In the Baldwin’s story, Sonny’s Blues, the author portrays African -Americans in the urban life. Even though he writes about reconciliation of two brothers, who are trying to overcome their differences and to come to understand each other, the story shows the meaning of Jazz in African American culture, particularly in Harlem during 1950. The urban life in Harlem has being described by many authors, includingRead MoreAnalyzing Sonnys Blues Essay2151 Words   |  9 PagesAnalysis of Sonnys Blues Sonnys Blues was written in 1957, but carries a vital social message in our society today of people trying to understand one another and find their identity. Sonnys Blues not only states dramatically the motive for Baldwins famous polemics in the cause of Black Freedom, but it also provides an esthetic linking his work, in all literary genres, with the cultures of the Black ghetto (Reilly 56). To truly understand Baldwins purpose in writing Sonnys Blues about findingRead MoreJames Baldwin s Short Sonny s Blues And Raymond Carver1132 Words   |  5 PagesBeing able to relate to people can often be a huge problem. In both James Baldwin’s short Sonny’s Blues and Raymond Carver short story Cathedral. The main focus of the story is realization. In both stories the main characters are challenged with situations in which they must break free of their judgments. Both characters undergo a transformation and views life through the eyes of another character. What are their trans formations and how are they similar, how they are different, and what does theRead MoreThe Tragedy Of The Harlem Renaissance1086 Words   |  5 Pagesbrings racism to light as the mother warns that a similar fate could happen to sonny. Lastly it shows the oppression that the sonny and his brother but also their family had to face and try to overcome in that era. One of the main points of Sonny’s blues is the narrator and Sonny trying to strive to be better and rise above. The narrator did in fact rise by becoming a teacher and sonny try to rise above by becoming a jazz musician. The darkness that was mentioned could be viewed as sense of general

Information Technology Ethics and Professional Issues

Question: Discuss about the Information Technology Ethics and Professional Issues. Answer: Introduction: In most of the countries around the world, the revolution in the information technology has altered several aspects of the life such as security, transportation, medicine, entertainment, employment etc, in a very significant way. Along with that, both the information technology and the communication technology has been affected in both the good as well as bad ways and affect the relationship between the human, their education, family life, freedom, community life, democracy etc. Therefore, in order to avoid the bad impact of the information technology, it is very much important to follow an ethics. As stated by Brey (2012), computer ethics can be referred as the ethics that ensure that the professionals will follow an effective code of ethics as well as a good standard of practices in their professions. In the recent times, with the development of the technology, the professional also faces different professional issues. In order to avoid that, the professionals should follow a good ethics. It is seen that, there are several culture with different types of language, values and practices. Therefore, it can be easily estimated that, their ethical value is also differed. Individual from different cultures have different types of ethical behaviour and faced different types of professional issues because of their different culture but ethics related to computer will not be deferred because utilisation of computer cannot be deferred. This assignment is intended to describe the ethics related to information technology and different professional issues that are faced by the professional involved in the information technology field. Discussion on cross-cultural differences in computer ethics: As stated by Lin (2011), computer ethics can be defined as the part of the practical philosophy that mainly concerns with the decision making of different computing professionals related to different professional and the social conduct. Ethical decisions mainly dependent on the 3 main influences such as personal code of different individuals, exposures to different formal ethical code as well as the informal code of ethical conduct. Therefore, it can be said that the ethics is the moral value that can stop any individual from doing any illegal activity related to the computer. Any individual and organisation that utilises computer should have a complete knowledge regarding the computer ethics. This is because, computer ethics helps any individual to prevent theft of the intellectual property of others, it also prevents any individual or organisation to prevent the misuse of different personal information of others. Ethical code of conduct helps any individual from being unethical, wh ich may create several legal issues as well as it also prevent the loss of different types of jobs in the field of software development. An effective computer ethics can help any individual to make their computer a safe and better place and facilitate an effective communication with others. With the expanded consideration, paid to moral issues in business rehearse; there is enthusiasm for the morals hole between the U.S. furthermore, the U.K. also, in the consequences for instructing understudies for business administration positions. This paper looks at the distinctions in morals judgments between U.S. what's more, U.K. business understudies. The outcomes show that distinctions in their demographic profiles don't impact their morals judgments. Nonetheless, reliably higher business morals of female understudies from both nations are talked about in connection to giving business morals training. However, it is seen that with the development of technology, many individual or organisation are utilising their computer for their individual benefits by accessing the information of others, which is not ethical. Therefore, for a bad code of conduct and lack of intention to follow an effective computer ethics many individual are destroying the important or personal data and expose their personal information, which is not very ethical so it creates different ethical issues. As stated by Mason (2015), due to those ethical issues, any intruder can access all of the private information of any computer users and utilise those data for their individual benefits. Therefore, it is mandatory for any computer professionals to follow all of the computer ethics. Therefore, it is very much important to identify the ethical issues. Along with that, it is also important to find out the way by which the ethical issues can be mitigated. In order to resolve the ethical issues, Michael Davis propose a model by which ethical model can be easily resolved. Davis model stated different ethical problem, and then checked different facts. After that, it generates a list of the option by considering different facts regarding the problem. Davis model is generally the seven-step model that helps any individual to make ethical decision. In this model, the first step is stating the problem regarding ethics that need to be resolved. After that, it is important to check different facts because many problem can be resolved by conducting a closer examinations. According to Weckert Adeney (2013), then it is important to identify different factors that are relevant to th e ethical issues. Like professional code, different laws, practical limitations. Next it is important to develop a list of option to resolve the issues. After developing list of options, it is very much important to develop several options for tests like defensibility tests, colleague test, publicity tests, harm tests etc. Then it is important to make a choice and after that it is important to review the previous stages. There are several ethical theory that describes that any professional or people should behave in the way so that it benefitted every individual. Ethical theories mainly consider the benefits of the whole society and there are mainly two approaches of the ethical theory that are deontological approach and the consequentialist approach. As per Mather (2011), among those approaches, the first consequentialist approach generally assumes that the moral value for actions are generally solely determined by different consequences of the actions. This approach is mainly the utilitarians in nature that consider that everyone act in the way that can bring them the greatest amount of the happiness. Therefore, it can be said that this approach mainly focuses on the consequences of any particular actions and assure the maximum happiness for all of the involved people. On the other hand, the deontological approach emphasise the character of any act. This approach describe that if any action can be taken from the sense of duty and all of the principles are universalised, then the action can be considered as the right. Two approaches deontological approach and the teleological approach are the most important ethical theory based upon which any ethical decisions are taken. It is important for any individual to have their own set of professional ethics when they are entering into the workforce or any complex set of relationship with any other individual. Professional ethics is important to ensure duties and the rights among all of the individual (Muller DiMola, 2012). There are several professional standards, according to which any professional maintains all their responsibility to their clients. Every computer professionals must enjoy their freedom to specify that how they can meet the actual computer systems. It is seen that they generally meet the minimum performance levels in order to meet the reliability, budget and speed. However, their organisation may want more performances from them so it may create a professional issues (Robertson, 2016). Along with that, conflict in interests in any organisation may generate professional issues among different professionals that may destroy the complete project. Any individual can face professional issues of they do not have any respect for their co-workers. Along with that, any team member of any team may access the intelligence properties of others that can create also the professional issues. As examination has set up, IT-related moral issues are common around the world. As future IT experts, understudies enlisted in innovation educational modules will more likely than not get them confronted with moral difficulties at some point in their profession. Additionally, in light of the fact that the pattern toward a globalized economy proceeds with, a large portion of today's understudies will wind up working with people of various nationalities and it will turn out to be progressively essential to see how distinctive people react to moral concerns. This article shows the aftereffects of a study of undergrad IT understudies from the U.S. also, three European nations (Santana Wood, 2012). The study scrutinized the understudies about the ethicality of different IT hones and their apparent aims in the event that they ought to experience such a circumstance. The perspectives of the American understudies were then contrasted with those of the European understudies to investigate te xtures and contrasts. According to Schultz (2012, p.76), the privacy is linguistic in various way in in various languages. English have their own sets of cultures and thus the limitation of their privacy is bounded the protocols offered by their culture. IT has revoluted the structure of culture in various country. Countries like Japan and China, those are very productive in international IT cases are experiencing a glimpse of western culture. Privacy is defined as keep the resources of one special person from the visibility of any other person. The privacy factor is now beyond the definition of social science. With implication of social network the countries have faced a new issue that is privacy. Ample of countries are promoting violent and other websites containing criminality, nudity and violence. China had banned whatsapp due sharing irrelevant videos and Pakistan has banned Youtube since it contains sexual documents. Privacy is also defined as securing the data of online customers. Countries like US A had been accused that they checks for private messages. This can be one risk to privacy that hindered by the implication of Information technology. England is experiencing a change in culture due to lack of privacy in internet. Country is having same sex marriages and single mother problem due to open protocol system in privacy. Therefore, in order to avoid different professional issues in the workplace, the entire professional involved in computer technology should follow some professional consideration. Along with that, in order to increase the performance it is important for any professional to evaluate their performances by other team members because it can help them to know their actual knowledge level. Every professional should be loyal to their organisation and do not expose any sensitive organisational information to any other organisation. In order to avoid any kind of professional issues, it is the duty of any computer professional to ensure the safety, health as well as welfare for the public. It is the professional duty of any professional to educate general people regarding computing. Therefore, from the above discussion, it can be said that there are some set of ethics and professional ethics that should be followed by every individual around the world and it can be said that ethical theories cannot be different in different region because usage of computer and thee duties and responsibilities of the professional cannot be differed in different region. However, due to different culture, some more ethics can be applied (Siegfried, 2014). Suppose in some region the tendency of the individual to access others information is high, then it is clear that among that culture, some more ethics can be applied to protect user from the situation. It is seen that the teleological approach describe the every people should act in the way so that it can ensure the maximum amount of happiness or in case of the ideological approach, the right or wrong meaning of any action has been described. It describes that when any individual should consider any action as the right. Therefore, it can be state that, how any action can ensure the maximum happiness or when should any individual consider any action, as right is not changeable. This is because, every geographic region access internet in the same way and follow an universal code of conduct or professional ethics so there should not be any differences in computer ethics in different cultural region. Therefore, it can be said that there ethical consideration is not changed, but there are some view that computer ethics are changed with the culture or the geographical locations (Towell et al. 2014). It is seen that, individual or professional of the US are more aware of the ethical behaviour in the business. Therefore, there should not be any extra ethics regarding the individual of the US. The reason behind this is, all of the ethical code of conduct are developed in the western countries so it was developed in the earlier times, that all of the current ethical consideration will secure the IT users. On the other hand, it is found that the Thai professionals are most likely to commit different software piracy rather than the individual of US. Therefore, some extra code of conduct or the ethical consideration is required in order to protect the organisation from this loss. However, in the computer ethics the main difference in the computer ethics in diversified culture is related to their approaches to resolve the information ethics. It is seen that, there are significant cross-cultural differences among the western and the no n-western organisation and their approach is also different to take ethical decision. As stated by van Wel and Royakkers (2014), in order to develop the answer regarding it, concept of moral relativism is effective. It is seen that there are two kinds of moral relativism like the metaethical moral relativism and the descriptive moral relativism. According to the descriptive moral relativism, there are an extensive diversity according to the moral principles and the values regarding the groups, culture, historical periods etc. On the other hand, descriptive moral absolutism there is not any profound disagreements are present in different groups, culture, society and the individuals. On the other hand, according to the metaethical moral relativism, justification of the moral judgement is not the objective or the absolute, but it is relative with the groups, culture, and historical periods. Therefore, it can be said that the descriptive relativism claims about the values about which different society or people actually have. On the other hand, metaethical relativism claims about different values that can be justified to have. There is a claim that the any ethics (also include computer ethics) is culturally relative, therefore, the metaethical relativism is true in this case. It has claimed that the computer ethics are valid in the culture in which it is developed. As per the viewpoint of Weckert and Adeney, (2013), computer ethics is one of the product of the western countries so according to the cultural relativity the value and the principles cannot be applied in the non western countries. It is seen that the, metaethical relativism is generally dependent on different previous observation when the descriptive relativism is true. Therefore, if descriptive relativism is false then the people across the world would share a framework that contains different basic values or principles and in this case, the computer ethics will not be different in different culture. It is seen that in different culture the c oncept of the intellectual property and the privacy is same. There are mainly three kinds of evidence by which it can be seen that are conceptual, behavioural and the institutional. Among them the first evidence conceptual describe the extent to which moral concepts in different culture has the same meaning (Yao-Huai, 2015). For example, chinese culture has the same concept regarding the privacy like the american culture. Therefore, it can be state that here the concept of privacy is same in both the western as well as the non-western culture. On the other hand, institutional evidence describe the extent to which there are some similarity between different types of codified rules that express different moral principles as well as the codified statements, which can express moral judgement regarding any particular situations. For examples, the moral principles that are written in different Latin cultures are same as the rules and the law of America (Towell et al.2012). The behavioural evidence is the similarity regarding the behaviours and the customs that are generally guided by different moral principles. In this behavioural evidence there are some tendencies that can avoid the immoral behaviour than the moral. Freedom of information Freedom of information consists of two principles such as speech and access of information. The freedom of speech deals with the expressing of ones ideas and knowledge in the form of writing and speech. In some western countries, information freedom is often considered as constitutional right. Laws for the protection of information freedom are sometimes designed to ensure that the individual can enjoy and relate to this freedom without any governmental interruption. As opined by Brey, (2012), the interruption of government is only allowed in some critical situations. Certain non-western countries does not follow information freedom as the principal for guiding. However, there are also some institutional freedom protections and practices are present that interrupt the information freedom. The concept of this is not part of established standard of the society. In those societies the precedence taken by the national societies and the independent right to information freedom is not recog nised and is taken as subordinative in terms of national interests. This hardly resembles the right of western countries to the information freedom. The state ownership practices are widespread in some countries where the mass media is highly controlled by the government authorities. The databases and internet libraries are highly censored and the messages are largely cracked. Conclusion: All of the professional must fulfill their responsibility to their users or clients, to their colleagues, organisation as well as public. Any professional should report all of the findings to their clients or the users with honesty and it must be represented accurately. While designing any computer system, then the professional should not only consider the specification provided by their clients but they also consider the way by which the system can provide more quality in life. In order to generate an effective system it is very important for any professional to avoid any kind of conflict in interests among their colleagues because it may create several professional issues. Reference list: Brey, P. (2012). Anticipating ethical issues in emerging IT. Ethics and Information Technology, 14(4), 305-317. Lin, H. (2011). The ethics of instructional technology: issues and coping strategies experienced by professional technologists in design and training situations in higher education. Education Tech Research Dev, 55(5), 411-437. Mason, R. (2015). Applying ethics to information technology issues. Communications of the ACM, 38(12), pp.55-57. Mather, K. (2011). Ethics and Technology: Ethical Issues in an Age of Information and Communication Technology20071Herman Tavani. Ethics and Technology: Ethical Issues in an Age of Information and Communication Technology . Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons Inc. 2007. J of Inf, Com Eth in Society, 5(1), 43-44. Muller, L. and DiMola, M. (2012). Legal Regulatory Issues. Professional Case Management, 17(5), 241-244. Robertson, T. (2016). Ethical issues in interaction design. Ethics and Information Technology, 8(2), 49-59. Santana, A. and Wood, D. (2012). Transparency and social responsibility issues for Wikipedia. Ethics and Information Technology, 11(2), 133-144. Schultz, R. (2012). Contemporary issues in ethics and information technology. Hershey, PA: IRM Press. Siegfried, R. (2014). Student Attitudes on Software Piracy and Related Issues of Computer Ethics.Ethics and Information Technology, 6(4), 215-222. Towell, E., Thompson, J. and McFadden, K. (2014). Introducing and Developing Professional Standards in the Information Systems Curriculum. Ethics and Information Technology, 6(4), 291-299. van Wel, L. and Royakkers, L. (2014). Ethical issues in web data mining. Ethics and Information Technology, 6(2), 129-140. Weckert, J. Adeney, D. (2013). Computer and information ethics. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. Yao-Huai, L. (2015). Privacy and Data Privacy Issues in Contemporary China. Ethics and Information Technology, 7(1), 7-15.

Why Financial Management Is Important free essay sample

One of the most important factors of surviving in this world is money. Without it, you wouldn’t be able to obtain the necessities of life. The task of personal financial management is the key element to getting and keeping money. Personal financial management is essential because it helps prepare for your future, saves money, and it gives you control over your money. Primarily, financial management helps you prepare for your future. People must know that in life, the unexpected happens. It is best that you plan for the unexpected so that when it occurs you are ready. Financial management provides a safety net for those that are prepared. For example, a friend of mine, who is a doctor, got into a cataclysmic car accident. He never thought that he would be the one actually in the hospital bed. Luckily, he took $150 out of each pay check he received for 5 years so that he could have it if an emergency ever occurred. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Financial Management Is Important or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When he was presented with the amount of money he owed the hospital, he was able to pay for it without a problem. As Dave Ramsey would say, you need a â€Å"Rainy Day Fund† and I believe that financial management provides people the opportunity to have one. Conjointly, financial management helps you save money. Saving your money leaves you with money that could be used for vacations or could be used for donations. It could even be used to pay off a debt you owe, such as student loans. It is important that you have some amount of money saved. If you spend every cent of what you make, you would never make a dollar. It is crucial for the young to start saving now because federal funds, such as social security, might not exist by the time they reach age 65. Dave Ramsey once stated â€Å"Live like no one else so that later you can live like no one else. † This quote means that you need to make sacrifices so that you are able to save. Once you save enough, you will be able to live beyond your means. Financial management is vital in completing this process. Additionally, financial management gives you control over your money. Instead of letting marketers take all of your money, people should take charge. Get ahead of those in the market business. It is important that people remember not to waste their money. One step in financial management would be to create a budget. Get ahead of those in the market business. It is important that people remember not to waste their money.

Kingsford Charcoal (Decision Case)

Macrina the Elder and Macrina the Younger

Macrina the Elder and Macrina the Younger Macrina the Elder Facts Known for:  teacher and grandmother of  St. Basil the Great, Gregory of Nyssa,  Macrina the Younger  and their siblings; also the mother of St. Basil the ElderDates:  probably born before 270, died about 340Feast Day:  January 14 Macrina the Elder Biography Macrina the Elder, a Byzantine Christian, lived in Neocaesaria. She was associated with Gregory Thaumaturgus, a follower of the church father Origen, who is credited with converting the city of Neocaesaria to Christianity. She fled with her husband (whose name is not known) and lived in the forest during the persecution of Christians by the emperors Galerius and Diocletian. After the persecution ended, having lost their property, the family settled in Pontus on the Black Sea. Her son was Saint Basil the Elder. She had a major role in the raising of her grandchildren, who included: Saint Basil the Great, Saint Gregory of Nyssa, Saint Peter of Sebastea (Basil and Gregory are known as the Cappadocian Fathers), Naucratios,  Saint Macrina the Younger, and, possibly, Dios of Antioch Saint Basil the Great credited her with having formed and molded me in doctrine, passing on to her grandchildren the teachings of Gregory Thaumaturgus. Because she lived much of her life as a widow, she is known as the patron saint of widows. We know of St. Macrina the Elder primarily through the writings of her two grandsons, Basil and Gregory, and also of  Saint Gregory of Nazianzus. Macrina the Younger Facts Known for:  Macrina the Younger is credited with influencing her brothers Peter and Basil to go into a religious vocationOccupation:  ascetic, teacher, spiritual directorDates:  about 327 or 330 to 379 or 380Also known as:  Macrinia; she took Thecla as her baptismal nameFeast Day:  July 19 Background, Family: Mother: Saint EmmeliaFather: Saint BasilGrandmother:  Macrina the ElderNine or ten younger brothers include:  Saint Basil the Great  , Saint Gregory of Nyssa, Saint Peter of Sebastea (Basil and Gregory are two of the church theological leaders known as the Cappadocian Fathers), Naucratios and, possibly, Dios of Antioch Macrina the Younger Biography: Macrina, the eldest of her siblings, was promised to be married by the time she was twelve, but the man died before the wedding, and Macrina chose a life of chastity and prayer, considering herself a widow and hoping for her eventual reunion in the afterlife with her fiance. Macrina was educated at home, and helped educate her younger brothers. After Macrinas father died in about 350, Macrina, with her mother and, later, her younger brother Peter, turned their home into a womens religious community. The women servants of the family became members of the community, and others soon were attracted to the house. Her brother Peter later founded a mens community connected with the womens community.  Saint Gregory of Nazianzus  and Eustathius of Sebastea were also connected with the Christian community there. Macrinas mother Emmelia died in about 373 and Basil the Great in 379. Soon after, her brother Gregory visited her one last time, and she died shortly after. Another of her brothers, Basil the Great, is credited as a founder of monasticism in the East, and modeled his community of monks after the community founded by Macrina. Her brother, Gregory of Nyssa, wrote her biography (hagiography). He also wrote On the Soul and Resurrection. The latter represents a dialogue between Gregory and Macrina as he made his last visit to her and she was dying. Macrina, in the dialogue, is represented as a teacher describing her views on heaven and salvation. Later Universalists pointed to this essay where she asserts that all will ultimately be saved (universal restoration). Later church scholars have sometimes rejected that the Teacher in Gregorys dialogue is Macrina, though Gregory clearly states that in the work. They claim that it must have been St. Basil instead, apparently on no other grounds than disbelief that it could have referred to a woman.

Public Relations College Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Public Relations College - Essay Example This term was initiated by Thomas Jefferson. This was in the year 1807. It was first defined by Edward Bernays. He defined it as a management function with policies and programs that help an organisation to earn acceptance from the public. Research shows that throughout history public relations were used. One of the people that used it includes Georgiana Cavendish. 1 This was during the 18th century. She used so many approaches like lobbying the business. This she did with the help of her friends. She also incorporated press relations in her public relations venture. There are also many other people through out history that used public relations. For instance the American precursors carried out the promotion of circuses. In fact research shows that public relations were started in the United States. This was done such that the railroads were supported. Research shows that Railway literature book was the first to be reported to have the term public relations. This was in the year 1897. The public relations today have gone through many changes since the initiation. New techniques have been incorporated unlike what used to happen before. For instance there is the use of focus groups. This was never carried out initially but rather much generalization was done. When the public relations are carried out a specific group of people is targeted. For instance the loyal customers in the organisation can be a target group. 2 There is also the use of new technology in making sure that information reaches the clients. For instance since the nineteenth century, the internet has really been used in remitting information to clients. There is also the use of satellite feeds in the public relations. Today people need vast knowledge like economics and management principles to carry out public relations. For efficiency and effectiveness basic communication skills knowledge has to be studied by the concerned managers. Even video productions are widely used by various organizations. Nowadays many organisations have got a public relations department that deal with all the issues concerning the public in general. When the above evolution of public relations is evaluated one realizes that there used to be limitation in the communication because the technology was not advanced at that time. The public relations were carried out quite generally and therefore the desired effects were not well achieved. For instance the entire process was quite generalized that it did not deal with a specific focus group. This really limited the effectiveness. The communication could take time before being communicated. This is unlike what is happening in the organisations today because technology has really enhanced communication. Relationship marketing Relationship marketing is all about having tactics that are event driven. It is about retaining the customers in the business organization. It is a process and not an issue of a single event. Relationship marketing is usually carried out by having tactics that will help in retaining the loyal customers in the hospitality industry. The customers include local and the international tourists. The marketing messages in this case have to be moulded in line with the customer's life cycle. Through this there is usually high profitability since the customers are satisfied. For instance in the hospitalit